Pls answer each number question separately, clearly and precisely:
1. What is bias related to a quality improvement project or research, and how to avoid bias and the type that might occur?
Must use reference within seven years !!! ( one nice size paragraph).
2. The direct performance improvement (DPI) project will use a quality improvement approach. Explain and cite the difference between research and quality improvement (one paragraph each). Then Summarize. References must be within seven years
ii) Research
iii) Summarize
3. Data collection is another potential form of bias threat- please elaborate on this in 3-5 sentences. (cite references ) within seven years
4. Discuss ethical issues that can arise and how one can mitigate it as it relates to the DPI project. Then Discuss the Belmont Report – it should be five to eight statements. (please include the IRB in your statement)!!! the citation must be within seven years
The DPI project. Implementing the ABCDEF bundle in a long-term acute care hospital.
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Expert Solution Preview
1. Bias in a quality improvement project or research refers to a systematic error that affects the validity of the conclusions drawn from the data collected. Bias can arise from various sources, such as selection bias, measurement bias, and reporting bias. Selection bias occurs when the study population is not representative of the target population, leading to an overestimation or underestimation of the effect of the intervention. Measurement bias results from inaccurate or inconsistent measurement of the outcomes. Reporting bias occurs when there is selective reporting of outcomes based on the study’s findings. To avoid bias, researchers should use randomization to minimize selection bias, blind assessment of outcomes to reduce measurement bias, and predefined protocols for the reporting of outcomes to minimize reporting bias (Polit & Beck, 2017).
2. Quality improvement (QI) and research differ in their focus and methodological approach. Research aims to generate new knowledge, while QI aims to improve existing practices or systems. QI relies on continuous quality assessment, rapid-cycle testing, and close collaboration with stakeholders to implement change. Research, on the other hand, follows a hypothesis-driven approach, follows a rigorous methodology, and may involve randomized controlled trials. Both approaches can inform each other, and QI can generate valuable data for research purposes. In summary, QI seeks to improve the quality of care for patients, while research seeks to expand the knowledge base in a particular field (Bohmer & Edmondson, 2017).
3. Data collection bias refers to the distortion of the data collected due to errors or inadequacies in the collection process. For instance, observational studies that rely on self-reporting by participants are subject to recall bias, leading to an over or underestimation of the exposure or outcome of interest. To minimize data collection bias, researchers should use standardized data collection tools and protocols, train data collectors adequately, and employ data quality control procedures such as double data entry and validation checks (Schneider et al., 2017).
4. Ethical issues that may arise in the DPI project include obtaining informed consent, protecting patient confidentiality, and avoiding harm. To mitigate these issues, the project team should obtain informed consent from patients or their representatives, protect patient privacy by de-identifying data and limiting access to authorized personnel, and ensure that the project does not cause avoidable harm to patients. The Belmont Report provides a framework for ethical conduct in research involving human subjects, which includes three basic principles – respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews and approves the ethical aspects of research involving human subjects, ensuring that research follows these principles and upholds ethical standards (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979).
References:
Bohmer, R. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2017). Organizational learning in health care. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 23-43.
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Schneider, M. P., Sajobi, T. T., Kieser, T., Beyene, J., & Milette, K. (2017). Data quality control in clinical trials: A review of the approach applied by the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative. Clinical Trials, 14(5), 476-484.
