According to Marieb, Mitchell, and Smith (2013):
Body cells require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen. As the cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide, a waste product that the body must get rid of. These oxygen-using cellular processes, collectively referred to as cellular respiration, are more appropriately described in conjunction with the topic of cellular metabolism. (p. 538)
The major role of the respiratory system, our focus in this exercise, is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. Four distinct processes are associated with respiration:
- Pulmonary ventilation;
- External respiration;
- Respiratory gas transport; and
- Internal respiration.
The learning objective for Week 5 in the laboratory course is to identify the features of the respiratory system. We will look at the histology and anatomy of the lungs and the conducting passageways through the models and microscopic slides seen in your Laboratory Manual. To successfully complete this assignment, first read the following exercise from the Laboratory Manual: Exercise 36: Anatomy of the Respiratory System.
Reference:
Marieb, E. N., Mitchell, S. J., & Smith, L. A. (2013). Human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual (11th ed.). [Fetal Pig version]. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Student Discussion Assignment
- Identify and describe the anatomical structures that allow for internal and external respiration to occur in humans.
- View the anatomical models Figure 36.1, Figure 36.3 (a)and(b),and Figure 36.5 (a) from your Laboratory Manual and identify the structures that are described by the following abbreviated statements. Post your brief responses in the threaded Discussion Area below:
- Lymphoid tissue protecting air passageways
- Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity
- Covers the glottis during swallowing
- Contains the vocal cords
- Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi
- Balloon-like structures at ends of the respiratory bronchioles
- Section of the lung that lies on the diaphragm
- Outer double-layered serous membrane
- Impression on the left lung to accommodate the heart
- View the histology slides Figure 36.6 (b)and Figure 36.7 (a)and (b) in your Laboratory Manual and identify the microscopic structures indicated by a leader line, number, or bracket. In the threaded Discussion Area below, briefly describe the function of:
- Figure 36.6 (b) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Figure 36.6 (b) goblet cell
- Figure 36.6 (b) hyaline cartilage
- Figure 36.7 (a) lumen of bronchiole
- Figure 36.7 (b) alveolar duct
As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. Support your work, using your course lectures and textbook readings. Helpful APA guides and resources are available in the South University Online Library. Below are guides that are located in the library and can be accessed and downloaded via the South University Online Citation Resources: APA Style page. The American Psychological Association website also provides detailed guidance on formatting, citations, and references at APA Style.
Expert Solution Preview
Introduction:
According to Marieb, Mitchell, and Smith (2013), the respiratory system plays a major role in supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide. In this assignment, we will identify the anatomical structures involved in internal and external respiration, as well as identify the structures described in anatomical models and histology slides.
1. To allow for internal and external respiration, several anatomical structures are involved. In external respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. To facilitate this process, the respiratory system is made up of structures such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and pulmonary capillaries. In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses from the systemic capillaries to the cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to the systemic capillaries. To facilitate this process, the blood vessels are closely associated with the body’s tissues and organs.
2.
– Lymphoid tissue protecting air passageways: Tonsils
– Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity: Conchae
– Covers the glottis during swallowing: Epiglottis
– Contains the vocal cords: Larynx
– Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi: Trachea
– Balloon-like structures at ends of the respiratory bronchioles: Alveoli
– Section of the lung that lies on the diaphragm: Base
– Outer double-layered serous membrane: Pleural membrane
– Impression on the left lung to accommodate the heart: Cardiac notch
3.
– Figure 36.6 (b) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: This tissue lines the respiratory tract and helps to move mucus up and out of the airway through cilia.
– Figure 36.6 (b) goblet cell: These cells secrete mucus to help trap foreign particles.
– Figure 36.6 (b) hyaline cartilage: This provides structural support to the trachea and bronchi.
– Figure 36.7 (a) lumen of bronchiole: This is the space inside the bronchiole where air passes through.
– Figure 36.7 (b) alveolar duct: This is a passageway that connects the bronchiole to the alveolar sacs, where gas exchange occurs.