USE ATTACHED TO FUTHER INTO THIS ASSIGNTMENT Part II- Background and Literature Review- 5-7 pages on its own without including the reference/work cited page Contextualize the topic by describing the p

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Introduction: In this assignment, we will focus on the background and literature review of a medical topic of interest. The purpose of this assignment is to contextualize the topic by describing the problem, its morbidity and mortality rates, public health relevance, risk factors, contributory factors, economic cost, and the reason why the reader should care about the issue.

1. What is the problem?
i. Describe your topic (i.e. problem). Has it gotten worse or better? Increased/decreased over time?

The problem of interest is the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the United States of America (USA). CVDs are a class of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. The incidence of CVDs has increased over time, with an estimated 121.5 million Americans diagnosed with CVDs in 2016. The prevalence of CVDs is expected to increase due to the aging population and the rise in risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

ii. What are the morbidity and mortality rates associated with it?

CVDs are the leading cause of mortality in the USA, accounting for 1 in every 4 deaths. In 2017, approximately 647,000 deaths were due to CVDs. The morbidity associated with CVDs is also significant, with an estimated 18.2 million adults reporting a diagnosis of coronary heart disease, and 6.5 million adults reporting a diagnosis of heart failure.

iii. Describe the public health relevance of your topic
i. Who is it a particular problem for?
ii. Where is this problem happening?
iii. Why is it a problem?

CVDs are a particular problem for individuals over the age of 65, men, and individuals with a family history of CVDs. The problem is happening across the USA, with higher rates of CVDs in Southern and Midwestern states, and in urban areas. CVDs are a problem because they significantly impact morbidity and mortality rates, leading to decreased quality of life and increased healthcare costs. The burden of CVDs is also disproportionately higher among underserved populations such as racial and ethnic minorities and low-income individuals.

i. Describe the risk factors
ii. Describe other contributory factors (i.e. poverty, politics, policies, environmental factors, societal beliefs, systematic racism, etc.)
iii. Why should your reader care about this issue?
iv. What is the economic cost?

The risk factors for CVDs include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and family history. Contributory factors to the burden of CVDs include poverty, lack of access to healthcare, environmental factors such as air pollution, and societal beliefs and behaviors like unhealthy eating habits and lack of exercise. The reader should care about this issue because CVDs significantly impact population health and can be prevented through lifestyle modifications and optimal management of risk factors. The economic cost of CVDs is estimated to be $351 billion, with approximately $213 billion in direct medical costs and $138 billion in lost productivity.