TYPE 2 DIABETES
INSULIN RESISTANCE IN TYPE II DIABETES: AN OVERVIEW AND EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY & BACKGROUND (1 page):
This section of your paper should include the who, when, and where of the disease/condition. Who gets the disease? Do they tend to get it at a certain time in life (childhood, adulthood, etc.)? Is there a higher incidence of the disease in certain places in the world/country? Why is the incidence higher in that certain area? Are there any longitudinal trends in the disease? Is incidence going up or down in the population and why?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (1/2 page):
What is the normal physiology associated with a healthy functioning system? Upon onset of the disease, what is the physiology alteration? Is there mechanistic evidence to suggest why/how the disease changes normal physiology?
REFERENCES:
Please note that you should NOT use any non-peer-reviewed internet sources. You may use limited level D evidence to support general concepts. You should cite using the style of the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
Expert Solution Preview
Introduction:
Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance, leading to a range of complications. Understanding the epidemiology and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is essential for effective management and treatment of the disease.
Epidemiology & Background:
Type 2 diabetes predominantly affects adults, with the highest incidence rates seen in individuals over the age of 45. There is also a higher incidence of the disease in certain ethnic groups, such as Asian and African American populations. The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, with obesity and sedentary lifestyles being major contributing factors. Longitudinal studies have shown a clear association between overweight or obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.
Pathophysiology:
The normal physiology associated with a healthy functioning system involves the production and release of insulin from the pancreas, which regulates glucose uptake and utilization in the body. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, there is an impaired response to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. This insulin resistance is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, that disrupt insulin signaling pathways. Mechanistically, this leads to a reduction in glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues, and an increase in hepatic glucose production.
References:
1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2021. Diabetes care. 2021 Jan 1;44(Supplement 1):S1-232.
2. Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In Seminars in liver disease 2009 (Vol. 29, No. 03, pp. 13-32). Thieme Medical Publishers.
3. Kahn SE, Cooper ME, Del Prato S. Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. The Lancet. 2014 Mar 22;383(9922):1068-83.