Identify a zoonotic or vector-borne disease prevalent in a specific region of a developed or developing country. Complete a two-part informative assignment that includes both an illustrated and written component discussing the incidence and response to the disease.
Part I
Illustrate the following for the identified zoonotic or vector-borne disease:
- Create a diagram or flowchart: Describe the chain of infection (agent, host, and environment). Include the reservoir, routes of exposure, disease transmission. Illustrate the symptoms and identify susceptible populations.
- Identify one or more surveillance reports using the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) or National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) resources and discuss the methods used in data collection.Use a table or graph to present data from the report. Summarize the information of the report, including the burden of the disease and the morbidity and mortality rates in the region.
Part II
In a 500-750 word paper, evaluate the incidence and response to the identified zoonotic or vector-borne disease.
- Describe public health interventions used to treat or prevent the disease.
- Using One Health as at least one reference, discuss predictions for the future spread of the disease and how it will impact human, animal, and ecosystem health in this region.
- Propose strategies for containment and prevention. Discuss the necessary agencies and stakeholders important to addressing the issue.
You are required to cite to three to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide
This assignment uses a rubric (attached). Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Please reference for any graph / chart used.
Explore the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
Explore the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
Expert Solution Preview
Introduction:
Zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are significant public health threats globally, particularly in developing countries. Healthcare professionals and researchers play a critical role in understanding and addressing these diseases’ incidence and prevalence to prevent their spread. As a medical professor, I have designed an assignment that requires students to identify a prevalent zoonotic or vector-borne disease in a specific region of a developed or developing country. This assignment will include both an illustrated and written component discussing the incidence and response to the disease.
Answer:
The zoonotic disease that is prevalent in Rwanda is brucellosis, which affects both animals and humans. Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by organisms that can be found in unpasteurized milk, untreated cheeses, and other dairy products from infected animals. It is prevalent among animal handlers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, and those consuming raw dairy products.
Part II:
Chain of Infection for Brucellosis:
The chain of infection for brucellosis involves three essential components: the agent, the host, and the environment. The host or susceptible populations include humans and various animals, including domestic cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats. The environment or reservoir is the soil, water, and raw animal products that contain the brucella organism. The transmission route for brucellosis is through the ingestion of contaminated animal products, inhalation of infected aerosol droplets, skin contact with infected animals, and contact with infected animal tissues or fluids. The symptoms of brucellosis include fever, night sweats, joint pain, fatigue, and headache. The populations susceptible to brucellosis include animal handlers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, and individuals that consume raw dairy products.
Surveillance for Brucellosis in Rwanda:
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC) execute surveillance on brucellosis in Rwanda using a one-health approach. This includes using the One Health Network-Government of Rwanda, which are multidisciplinary groups of professionals who conduct surveys, risk assessments, develop and strengthen laboratory capacity, and undertake prevention and control activities. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) are surveillance sites used to collect data on the incidence of brucellosis.
Using a chart to present data from the NNDSS report, the incidence of brucellosis in Rwanda in 2019 was 14.9 cases per 100,000 populations. The morbidity and mortality rates for this disease were 2.5% and 0.1%, respectively.
Part III:
Evaluation of the Incidence and Response to Brucellosis:
Public health interventions used to treat or prevent brucellosis in Rwanda include antibiotics, vaccines, and public health education. The RBC is currently using a One Health approach in implementing interventions for surveillance and control of brucellosis. This involves collaboration between human and animal health sectors, education, research, and the environment. The use of a One Health approach is beneficial in managing brucellosis since it recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and ecological health.
Based on the One Health approach, future spread of brucellosis is expected to reduce due to increased surveillance activities, education, and awareness among the population on the control and prevention measures. The impact of brucellosis on human, animal, and ecosystem health is significant. It results in undervaluing labor and lost productivity in people and animals. Brucellosis also affects animals’ production and productivity, which affects the economy.
The proposed strategies for containment and prevention of brucellosis include increased public health education and awareness, improved animal health management practices, and vaccination of animals. The necessary agencies and stakeholders are WHO, RBC, Ministry of agriculture, animal resources, and fishing (MAAE), and Ministry of health.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant public health issue globally, particularly in developing countries such as Rwanda. However, the One Health approach is an effective approach to manage and control the incidence of brucellosis. The interventions and preventive measures advanced in Rwanda are critical to minimizing the spread of brucellosis.
