fisiopatolia

Physiopathology

Foro II: Funciones corporales integradoras

I- Favor de contestar las siguientes preguntas en el portal y no utilizando documentos adjuntos. Su opinión es importante en este curso y todos los estudiantes deben ver sus respuestas a los temas discutidos. Recuerden incluir las referencias al final de su foro y reaccionar a dos aportaciones de sus compañeros.

1. Una joven de 16 años es atendida por su médico ya que sus padres están preocupados por su forma compulsiva de comer y han descubierto que luego va al baño y se induce el vómito. Las pruebas de laboratorio revelaron una concentración sérica de K 3.0 mEq/l y CL de 93. A. Explica las cifras bajas de potasio y cloro., B. ¿Qué tipo de alteración acido – base se puede esperar que tenga la paciente?

2. Un estudiante de Ingeniería de 20 años advierte que presenta con frecuencias aftas bucales durante estresante semana de exámenes finales. A. ¿Cuál es la relación entre el estrés y el sistema inmunitario? B. Su novia le sugiere escuchar musuca o practicar ejercicios de relajación para aliviar el estrés. Explica como estas intervenciones podrían funcionar para atenuar el estrés.

3. Una estudiante de 16 años es llevada al médico por su madre ya que lleva una dieta estricta por creer que esta gorda. La joven mide 170cm y pesa 43.5 kg. En la entrevista realizada por la enfermera; ella le indica que es una excelente estudiante que pertenece al cuadro de honor de la escuela y participa en el equipo atletismo. Además, le indica a la enfermera que ella tiene sus periodos menstruales regulares cada mes, pero hace 5 meses que no los ha tenido. El diagnostico medico preliminar es anorexia nerviosa. A. ¿Cuáles son los comportamientos característicos de su diagnóstico? B. ¿Cuáles son algunas de las manifestaciones fisiológicas relacionadas con la desnutrición y la perdida grave de peso asociadas con este trastorno? C. Redacte 2 posibles diagnósticos de enfermería relacionados al trastorno.

Guía 1: Funciones corporales integradoras

II- Conteste las siguientes preguntas:

1. Define y explica los siguientes términos: osmosis, tonicidad, edema, hiponatremia, hipernatremia, hipocalemia, hipercalemia, hi pocalcemia, hipercalcemia, hipofosfatemia, hiperfosfatemia, hipomagnesemia, hipomagnesemia, hipoparatiroidismo, hiperparatiroidismo.

2. Describe la composición de los líquidos corporales y su distribución en los compartimentos (LIC: Compartimento liquido intracelular y el LEC: Compartimento liquido extracelular)

3. Menciona cuales son los electrolitos y sus respectivas unidades convencionales o valores normales de los LIC y LEC.

4. ¿Cuáles son los mecanismos de regulación de sodio y agua?

5. Resume y explica las alteraciones acido-base individuales, sus respuestas compensatorias y manifestaciones de: Acidosis metabólica, alcalosis metabólica, acidosis respiratoria y alcalosis respiratoria.

Ejercicios para responder

III- Luego de haber visto la presentación sobre los ABG en PPT de la unidad, resuelva los siguientes ejercicios, debe incluir en cada uno de ellos la tabla con su interpretación según aparece en la presentación.

Ácido

Normal

Base

1. Valores del laboratorio: pH 7.56, paCo2 20, HCO3 20

2. Valores del laboratorio: pH 7.23, paCo2 37, HCO3 18

3. Valores del laboratorio: pH 7.31, paCo2 34, HCO3 21

4. Valores del laboratorio: pH 7.50, paCo2 32, HCO3 24

5. Valores del laboratorio: pH 7.46, paCo2 36, HCO3 32

Expert Solution Preview

Introduction: In this assignment, I have prepared answers to various questions related to the field of medical physiology. These questions cover a range of topics from acid-base balance and fluid distribution to eating disorders and immune system function. Additionally, I have provided a set of exercises related to arterial blood gas analysis.

1. The low levels of potassium and chloride in the 16-year-old patient could be due to the vomiting episodes that result in electrolyte loss. An acid-base imbalance can also contribute to low potassium levels. The patient is likely to have a metabolic alkalosis due to the loss of gastric acid through vomiting and subsequent reduction in chloride levels.

2. Stress can suppress the immune response by releasing stress hormones such as cortisol. This can result in decreased production and functioning of immune cells. Relaxation exercises and music therapy can help alleviate stress by reducing cortisol release and promoting the release of endorphins, which can have a positive impact on the immune system.

3. The characteristic behaviors of anorexia nervosa include distorted body image, obsessive weight loss attempts, and fear of weight gain. Physiological manifestations of severe malnutrition include electrolyte imbalances, bradycardia, amenorrhea, and hypotension. Two possible nursing diagnoses related to this disorder are Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition and Alteration in Body Image.

1. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. Tonicity refers to the concentration of solutes in a cell relative to that in the extracellular fluid. Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces resulting in swelling of tissues. Hypo/hypernatremia denotes abnormally low/high levels of sodium in the blood. Hypo/hyperkalemia refers to abnormally low/high levels of potassium in the blood. Hypo/hypercalcemia and hypo/hyperphosphatemia denote abnormally low/high levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, respectively. Hypo/hypermagnesemia refers to low and high levels of magnesium in the blood, respectively. Hypo/hyperparathyroidism denotes abnormally low/high levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood.

2. The human body is composed of 60% water, which is distributed into the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) and extracellular fluid compartment (ECF). The ICF contains 2/3rd of the body’s water, while the ECF constitutes the remaining 1/3rd. The ECF includes plasma, interstitial, and transcellular fluids.

3. The major electrolytes in the body include sodium (135-145 mEq/L in ECF, 10-14 mEq/L in ICF), potassium (3.5-5.0 mEq/L in ECF, 140-150 mEq/L in ICF), calcium (8.5-10.5 mg/dL in ECF, 8.5-10.5 mg/dL in ICF), magnesium (1.5-2.5 mEq/L in ECF, 40-60 mEq/L in ICF), chloride (96-106 mEq/L in ECF, 3-5 mEq/L in ICF), hydrogen phosphate (1-2.5 mg/dL in ECF, 3-5 mg/dL in ICF), and bicarbonate (22-28 mEq/L in ECF, 10-14 mEq/L in ICF).

4. The mechanisms of sodium and water regulation include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide.

5. Acidosis is a condition characterized by excess hydrogen ions resulting in a low pH (less than 7.35). Metabolic acidosis is caused by an excess of acid or a deficiency of bicarbonate. Respiratory acidosis results from retention of carbon dioxide and subsequent accumulation of carbonic acid. The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing ventilation, while respiratory acidosis is compensated by the kidneys by increasing bicarbonate excretion. Alkalosis results from excess bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid, resulting in a pH greater than 7.45. Metabolic alkalosis is compensated by hypoventilation, while respiratory alkalosis is compensated by the kidneys by decreasing bicarbonate excretion.

For the arterial blood gas exercises, please refer to the presentation and table provided.

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