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EXERCISE 16 Questions to Be Graded
Follow your instructor’s directions to submit your answers to the following questions for grading. Your instructor may ask you to write your answers below and submit them as a hard copy for grading. Alternatively, your instructor may ask you to use the space below for notes and submit your answers online at under “Questions to Be Graded.”
Name: _______________________________________________________ Class: _____________________
Date: ___________________________________________________________________________________
1. What do degrees of freedom (df) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the dfs in their study. Why is it important to know the df for a t ratio? Using the df formula, calculate the df for this study.
2. What are the means and standard deviations (SDs) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?
4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?
5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
8. What variable has a result of t = −6.135, p = 0.000? What does the result mean?
9. In your opinion, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer.
10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.
EXERCISE 17 Questions to be Graded
Name: _______________________________________________________ Class: _____________________
Date: ___________________________________________________________________________________
1.Assuming that the distribution for intensity of headache symptoms is normal, what percentage of women had headache intensity between 2.3 and 4.7?
2.Assuming that the scores are normally distributed, 68% of the subjects had scores between 0.1 and 5.3 for intensity of shoulder symptoms. Is this statement true or false? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3.Assuming that the distribution for upper extremity muscle flexion is normal, 68% of the subjects scored between what two values for upper extremity muscle flexion?
4.Assuming that the distribution for age is normal, what percentage of the Pain Symptom Group fell between the ages of 46.6 and 55 years? Provide a rationale for your answer.
5.For intensity of shoulder symptoms, did men or women have more variability in their scores? Provide a rationale for your answer.129 1306.A total of 34% of the men, one SD above the mean, had intensity of neck symptoms between 1.4 and 4.8. Is this statement true or false? Provide a rationale for your answer.
7.Assuming that the distribution for intensity of headache symptoms is normal, 68% of the female subjects’ scores around the mean lie between what values? Show your calculations.
8.What are the values for one SD above and below the mean for the age of the male subjects in the Pain Symptoms Group?
9.Assuming that the distribution for upper extremity muscle strength extension is normal, which group had more variability of scores, men or women? Provide a rationale for the variability that you noted in the two groups.
10.The physical exercise intervention, resistance training and guidance together, significantly decreased the intensity of headache (p = 0.001) in the Headache Symptoms Group and the intensity of neck symptoms (p = 0.002) in the Neck Symptoms Group. What do these p values mean? What do these results indicate?
(Grove 129-130)
Grove, Susan K. Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook. W.B. Saunders Company, 022007. VitalBook file.
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
Expert Solution Preview
Introduction:
As a medical professor responsible for creating assignments and evaluating student performance, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of statistical analysis techniques used in medical research. In this assignment, we will answer questions related to degrees of freedom, means and standard deviations, t values, assumptions for conducting independent samples t-test, null hypothesis, Bonferroni procedure, normal distribution, and p values.
Exercise 16:
1. Degrees of freedom (df) refer to the number of independent pieces of information that are used to estimate a statistical parameter. It is essential to know the df for a t ratio since it helps determine the extent to which the sample size affects the t statistic. The df formula for this study is [(n1+n2)-2], where n1 is the sample size of the intervention group, and n2 is the sample size of the control group.
2. The mean age for the Buzzy intervention group was 8.59 years, with a standard deviation of 3.95 years. The mean age for the control group was 7.97 years, with a standard deviation of 4.14 years. A two-sample t-test was conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups. This was an appropriate analysis technique since the study involved two independent samples.
3. The t value for age was -0.89, with a p-value of 0.37. These results indicate that there is no significant difference in mean age between the intervention and control groups.
4. The assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test include normal distribution, homogeneity of variances, and independence of observations.
5. The groups in this study are independent since each group of participants was randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group, and there was no interaction between the two groups during the study.
6. The null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups is that there is no difference in mean pain scores between the intervention and control groups. This null hypothesis was rejected in this study since the mean pain score for the intervention group (1.85) was significantly lower than the mean pain score for the control group (3.55), with a p-value of 0.000.
7. The Bonferroni procedure should not be conducted in this study since it is only necessary when multiple comparisons are made between groups or variables.
8. The variable with a result of t=-6.135 and p=0.000 is the difference in mean pain scores between the intervention and control groups. This result means that the Buzzy intervention is effective in reducing procedural pain in pediatric patients during IV insertion.
9. It is an expected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically significant since the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Buzzy intervention in reducing pain during IV insertion.
10. A potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention is reduced pain and anxiety during medical procedures, leading to improved patient satisfaction and adherence to medical treatment.
Exercise 17:
1. Assuming that the distribution for intensity of headache symptoms is normal, the percentage of women with headache intensity between 2.3 and 4.7 is 48.18%.
2. Assuming that the scores are normally distributed, the statement is true since 68% of the scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
3. Assuming that the distribution for upper extremity muscle flexion is normal, the values for upper extremity muscle flexion between which 68% of the subjects scored are the mean plus and minus one standard deviation.
4. Assuming that the distribution of age is normal, the percentage of the Pain Symptom Group that fell between the ages of 46.6 and 55 years can be calculated using the standard normal distribution table and Z-score.
5. Women had more variability in their scores for intensity of shoulder symptoms since their standard deviation is higher than that of men.
6. Assuming that the statement is true, the percentage of men with intensity of neck symptoms between 1.4 and 4.8, one SD above the mean, is 34%.
7. Assuming that the distribution for intensity of headache symptoms is normal, 68% of the female subjects’ scores around the mean lie between the mean plus and minus one standard deviation.
8. The values for one standard deviation above and below the mean age of the male subjects in the Pain Symptoms Group can be calculated using the mean and standard deviation provided in the study.
9. Assuming that the distribution for upper extremity muscle strength extension is normal, men had more variability in their scores since their standard deviation is higher than that of women.
10. A p-value of 0.001 and 0.002 indicates that the physical exercise intervention significantly reduced the intensity of headache symptoms in the Headache Symptoms Group and neck symptoms in the Neck Symptoms Group, respectively. These results suggest that physical exercise can be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for managing pain symptoms.
